Bioremediation of Polluted Diets with Industrial Wastewater Using Marine and Earth Fungi: Molecular Genetic, Biochemical and Histopathological Studies in Mice

Samples of wastewater or effluent discharge were collected from sugarcane begass cellulose wood-mill. Phenol compounds were the main pollutants of the wastewater. The discharge samples were used for the preparation of biological diets. Five experimental groups, of 10 mice each were used. The first group was fed a normal diet (N diet) and used as a control. The second group was fed the same normal diet mixed with manufactory discharge (ND diet). The third, fourth and fifth groups were fed ND diet treated with marine (Asperigllus oryzae) fungus (NDA diet), earth (Trichoderma reesei) fungus (NDT diet) and mixture of marine and earth fungi (NDAT diet), respectively. The animals of the five groups were fed the corresponding mentioned diets for three weeks. After that, mice were inspected for gene expression of mdr1b and CYP1A2 genes, comet assay of DNA, biochemical parameters and histopathological examination. The administration of ND diet alone induced over expression levels of mdr1b and CYP1A2 genes, significantly (P<0.05) higher DNA damage, elevation of ALT, AST, uric acid, creatinine and MDA levels and significant (P<0.05) augmentation of haematological parameters (TEC, TLC and Hb(g/d1)) as well as severe damage in liver and kidney tissues. However, the use of NDA or NDT or NDAT bioremediation diets diminished most of the deleterious effects of ND diet alone and significantly (P<0.05) ameliorated all above measurements of molecular genetics, biochemistry and histopathology. Moreover, the ability to induce the improvements of such measurements was more effective in treatment with mixture of A. oryzae plus T. reesei, than neither A. oryzae nor T. reesei treatment alone. The expression level of CYP1A2, activity of some liver enzymes and some haematological parameters in mice treated with the mixture treatment (NDAT diet) was similar to that of the untreated negative control. Furthermore, the biochemical analysis showed that the NDAT treatment restored the kidney function to the level of the control. Also, the histopathological examination proved that the treatment with combination of the two types of fungi enhanced the ameliorating effect of both giving nearly normal hepatic and renal tissues. In conclusion, the present study added evidence that the fungal strains (A. oryzea plus T. reesei) have an important bioremediation role and can be able to clean up the Egyptian environment from industrial-wastewater pollution.